Examples of Gapping in English Grammar

A construction in which part of a sentence is omitted rather than repeated. The missing grammatical unit is called a gap. The term gapping was coined by linguist John R. Ross in his dissertation, Constraints on Variables in Syntax (1967), and discussed in his article Gapping and the Order of Constituents, in Progress in Linguistics, edited by M. Bierwisch and K. E. Heidolph (Mouton, 1970). Examples and Observations: The cars were old-fashioned; the buses, too.(Bill Bryson, The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid. Broadway Books, 2006)Arnaud was his closest friend; Peter, his oldest.(James Salter, Light Years. Random House, 1975)Forwards and BackwardsGapping ... describe[s] a transformation which creates gaps in a sentence after a conjunction by deleting a verb which would otherwise reappear, e.g. Caroline plays the flute and Louise (plays) the piano. Gapping can work forwards, as above, or backwards as in the deletion of the first mention of the word. According to Ross the direction of the gapping depends on the constituent branching in the deep structure, and provides insight into the underlying word order of a language.(Hadumod Bussmann, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Taylor Francis, 1996)Verb DeletionConsider the pattern in (154):a. John likes coffee and Susan likes tea.b. John likes coffee and Susan —  tea.(154) illustrates a pattern known as gapping. Gapping i s an operation which deletes a constituent in one sentence under identity with a constituent of the same type in a preceding sentence. More particularly, gapping in (154b) deletes the second verb of two co-ordinated clauses; this is possible because the deleted verb is identical to the verb of the first sentence. In (154b) the verb is gapped but, crucially, its NP [Noun Phrase] complement is left behind.(Liliane M. V. Haegeman and Jacqueline Guà ©ron, English Grammar: A Generative Perspective. Wiley-Blackwell, 1999)Gapping in Written EnglishCertainly, some constructions are overwhelmingly found in written language. An example is the English Gapping construction, as in John ate an apple and Mary a peach, where an implicit ate is omitted from the second clause, understood as Mary ate a peach. Tao and Meyer (2006) found, after an extensive search of corpora, that gapping is confined to writing rather than speech. In the Elia Kazan movie The Last Tycoon, a powerful film director reject s a scene in which a French actress is given the line Nor I you, on the grounds that this is unnatural speech. But his colleague, with earthier instincts, comments on this line with Those foreign women really have class. This rings true. The gapping construction is classy, and restricted to quite elevated registers, though it is not lacking entirely from spoken English.(James R. Hurford, The Origins of Grammar: Language in the Light of Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2012)

Language, Language And Gender - 1477 Words

As we all know, language is a very important role in our daily life and everyone on the planet uses a language. Language is used in so many ways. It is assigned to every country, and usually every country has its own language which is very unique. Whether one speaks or not, a language is still used, either verbal or sign language is used. Now to note here, language is not used in the same form by gender. Gender takes a huge role on language. Pronunciation and grammar are tended to be used very differently by gender. Basically when it comes to language and gender there is a different dialect between females and males in many countries and not just the United States. â€Å"There have been a number of languages recorded throughout the world that have some sex differences† (Bradley, 1988, p. 13). There have been many papers and articles written on language and gender by different researchers. These researches, include many from the book used in this class, are fascinated and inter ested about the different language usage used between two different sexes. â€Å"The papers in this section reveal that there can be many different patterns of linguistic usage† (Coates Pichler, 2011, p. 10). In this paper I will be analyzing â€Å"powerless language,† usage between females and males. I will also provide my study of interruption, overlap, and swearing in a mixed gender conversation. My analyzation will consist of a thirty-minute conversation between four individuals. Among these four people are twoShow MoreRelated Gender-Neutral English Language Essay2943 Words   |  12 PagesGender-Neutral English Language The English language has evolved through history in a male-centered, patriarchal society. The male orientation of English carries two complementary implications: being male is normative and natural; and therefore, not being male is abnormal and unnatural. 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Sweden has added a gender neutral pronoun â€Å"hen† into the language system. â€Å"Hen† this words represents both male and female. This events reminded people about gender inequality happened in language. Every language people speak tend to have gender inequality in them. However does it really work to just change the pronoun in the language? I think probably not. There is indeedRead MoreThe Relationship Between Gender and Language1984 Words   |  8 Pagesrange of language issues. In chapter 13, Wardhaugh provides a good insight to the relationship between language and gender. He explains gender differences of language-in-use with concise examples. Wardhaugh riases questions about sexist language and guides readers to look closer at how people use language differently because of their own gender in daily life. According to the Whorfian hypothesis, which indicates that the way people use language reflects their thoughts, different genders adapt different

Principles of Management Qa free essay sample

1. Management is as a factor of production along with machines, materials, and money. Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. 2. Four main factors of management are: * Planning, Planning requires that managers be aware of environmental conditions facing their organization and forecast future conditions. It also requires that managers be good decision-makers. Organizing, Organizing is the function of management that involves developing an organizational structure and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives. * Controlling, Controlling consists of three steps, which include establishing performance standards, comparing actual performance against standards, and taking corrective action when necessary. * Leading, leading involves influencing others toward the attainment of organizational objectives. Effective leading requires the manager to motivate subordinates, communicate effectively, and effectively use power. These are efforts for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management Qa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Three types of management: * Top management * Middle management * First line management 4. There are three fundamental skills of a manager: * TECHNICAL skills The manager should be proficient at specific tasks. This in turn helps to provide the credibility or knowledge to persuade people to do certain things. * Interpersonal skills The manager has to know how to work with people. * CONCEPTUAL skills The manager can see the organization as a whole. In other words, there has to be some knowledge of the organization and what it does and how it interacts with other organizations. 5. Management is an art and a science in my opinion, because you learn ways of management from books, teachers, internet etc but it is how you apply it to your everyday life. You don’t only manage people on your job but you can also manage your home and life and finances just to name a few. So in short you learn the foundation of management and then t is up to you to portray it and add your flow with it it basically depends on the type of personality you have.